How do breeders use the A, E, and D series? Breeders use the A, E, and D genetic series, along with modern DNA testing, to understand a dog’s hidden genotype and predict the coat colors and patterns of future litters. Here is how breeders utilize each series: • The A-Series (Agouti or ASIP gene): This […]
Understanding the Three Variants of the D Allele
hat are the three testable variants of the D allele? The three testable variants of the recessive d allele are d1, d2, and d3. While current genetic tests can successfully identify these three specific variants to confirm whether a dog carries the dilute trait, they cannot predict whether a dog with the dilute genotype will […]
Understanding the Fawnequin Puppy Genes
What causes a puppy to be a “fawnequin”? A “fawnequin” puppy is produced when a dog inherits the genetic instructions for a fawn coat alongside both the Merle and Harlequin modifier genes. Unlike other merle modifiers that only impact dark pigments (eumelanin), the Harlequin gene is unique because it also affects red or yellow pigment […]
Exploring Merle Modifiers: Beyond Harlequin Gene
Are there other genes besides Harlequin that modify Merle? Only one merle modifier has been found so far: the Harlequin gene, which is found exclusively in the Great Dane breed. While the sources explicitly state that Harlequin is the only discovered merle modifier, they do make a brief, somewhat contradictory passing reference to “other merle […]
Understanding Harlequin Pattern Genetics in Great Danes
What is the specific mutation causing the Harlequin pattern? The specific mutation responsible for the Harlequin pattern in Great Danes is located in the PSMB7 gene on chromosome 9. More specifically, it is a missense mutation in the 20S proteasome beta 2 subunit. While researchers have successfully identified this genetic variant as the cause of […]
Understanding High-Risk Harlequin Matings
Why are Harlequin-to-Harlequin matings considered high risk? Harlequin-to-Harlequin matings are considered high risk for two primary genetic reasons: the creation of double merles with severe health defects and the occurrence of embryonic lethality. • The Risk of “Double Merle” Health Defects: Because the Harlequin gene requires the Merle gene to be visually expressed, every Harlequin […]
Harlequin vs Fawnequin: Key Differences Explained
What is the difference between a Harlequin and a Fawnequin? The main difference between a standard Harlequin and a Fawnequin lies in the dog’s underlying base coat color and how the Harlequin gene interacts with it. Standard Harlequin A classic Harlequin Great Dane typically has a black (or sometimes blue) base coat. The Harlequin gene […]
Understanding Colour Dilution Alopecia and the Dilute Gene
How does the dilute gene cause Colour Dilution Alopecia? Colour Dilution Alopecia (CDA) is caused by a recessive genetic variant of the melanophilin (MLPH) gene, commonly known as the dilute gene. When a dog inherits two copies of this recessive variant (the homozygous d/d genotype), it alters the normal formation and storage of pigment in […]
Understanding the d Allele’s Role in Alopecia
What is the relationship between the d allele and alopecia? The d allele is a recessive variant of the dilute (MLPH) gene, and inheriting two copies of it (the homozygous d/d genotype) is the underlying cause of Colour Dilution Alopecia (CDA). Here is how the d allele and alopecia are related: • The Mechanism of […]
Understanding Cryptic vs Classic Merle Dogs
How do cryptic merles differ from classic merle dogs? The difference between cryptic merles and classic merle dogs lies in the length of the genetic insertion within the SILV pigment gene and how that length affects the dog’s physical appearance. • Cryptic Merles: These dogs have a shorter genetic insertion, measuring 25 to 44 base […]